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Monday, January 28, 2013
STAGE OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT
By Moses Sabina Teku/bedcp/101580......,
EFFECT OF CHILD ABUSE
By Moses Lovenes Teku/bedcp/101579,....,
Child abuse is the physical, sexual or emotional mistreatment or neglect of a child or children.[1] In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Department for Children And Families (DCF) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child.[2] Child abuse can occur in a child's home, or in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with. There are four major categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological or emotional abuse, and sexual abuse.
Different jurisdictions have developed their own definitions of what constitutes child abuse for the purposes of removing a child from his/her family and/or prosecuting a criminal charge. According to the Journal of Child Abuse and Neglect, child abuse is "any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm
Effects of child sexual abuse include guilt and self-blame, flashbacks, nightmares, insomnia, fear of things associated with the abuse (including objects, smells, places, doctor's visits, etc.), self-esteem issues, sexual dysfunction, chronic pain, addiction, self-injury, suicidal ideation, somatic complaints, depression,[16] post-traumatic stress disorder,[17] anxiety,[18] other mental illnesses including borderline personality disorder[19] and dissociative identity disorder,[19] propensity to re-victimization in adulthood,[20] bulimia nervosa,[21] physical injury to the child, among other problems.[22]
In the United States, approximately 15% to 25% of women and 5% to 15% of men were sexually abused when they were children.[23][24][25][26][27] Most sexual abuse offenders are acquainted with their victims; approximately 30% are relatives of the child, most often brothers, fathers, mothers, uncles or cousins; around 60% are other acquaintances such as friends of the family, babysitters, or neighbours; strangers are the offenders in approximately 10% of child sexual abuse cases.[23] In over one-third of cases, the perpetrator is also a minor.[28]
In a 1999 news story, BBC reported, "Close-knit family life in India masks an alarming amount of sexual abuse of children and teenage girls by family members, a new report suggests. Delhi organisation RAHI said 76% of respondents to its survey had been abused when they were children - 40% of those by a family member."[29]
Victims of emotional abuse may react by distancing themselves from the abuser, internalizing the abusive words, or fighting back by insulting the abuser. Emotional abuse can result in abnormal or disrupted attachment development, a tendency for victims to blame themselves (self-blame) for the abuse, learned helplessness, and overly passive behavior.[30]
Neglected children may experie
Child abuse is the physical, sexual or emotional mistreatment or neglect of a child or children.[1] In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Department for Children And Families (DCF) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child.[2] Child abuse can occur in a child's home, or in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with. There are four major categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological or emotional abuse, and sexual abuse.
Different jurisdictions have developed their own definitions of what constitutes child abuse for the purposes of removing a child from his/her family and/or prosecuting a criminal charge. According to the Journal of Child Abuse and Neglect, child abuse is "any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm
Types
Child abuse can take several forms:[4] The four main types are physical, sexual, psychological, and neglect.[5]Physical abuse
Physical abuse involves physical aggression directed at a child by an adult. Most nations with child-abuse laws consider the deliberate infliction of serious injuries, or actions that place the child at obvious risk of serious injury or death, to be illegal. Physical abuse is the intentional or non-accidental production of a physical injury. Bruises, scratches, burns, broken bones, lacerations, as well as repeated “mishaps,” and rough treatment that could cause physical injury, are the results of physical abuse.[6] Beyond this, there is considerable variation. The distinction between child discipline and abuse is often poorly defined. Cultural norms about what constitutes abuse vary widely: among professionals as well as the wider public, people do not agree on what behaviors constitute abuse.[7] Some professionals claim that cultural norms that sanction physical punishment are one of the causes of child abuse, and have undertaken campaigns to redefine such norms.[8][9][10]Sexual abuse
Main articles: Child sexual abuse and child-on-child sexual abuse
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older
adolescent abuses a child for sexual stimulation.[11]
Sexual abuse refers to the participation of a child in a sexual act aimed
toward the physical gratification or the financial profit of the person
committing the act.[6][12]
Forms of CSA include asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual
activities (regardless of the outcome), indecent
exposure of the genitals to a child, displaying pornography to a child,
actual sexual contact with a child, physical contact
with the child's genitals, viewing of the child's genitalia without physical
contact, or using a child to produce child
pornography.[11][13][14]
Selling the sexual services of children
may be viewed and treated as child abuse with services offered to the child
rather than simple incarceration.[15]Effects of child sexual abuse include guilt and self-blame, flashbacks, nightmares, insomnia, fear of things associated with the abuse (including objects, smells, places, doctor's visits, etc.), self-esteem issues, sexual dysfunction, chronic pain, addiction, self-injury, suicidal ideation, somatic complaints, depression,[16] post-traumatic stress disorder,[17] anxiety,[18] other mental illnesses including borderline personality disorder[19] and dissociative identity disorder,[19] propensity to re-victimization in adulthood,[20] bulimia nervosa,[21] physical injury to the child, among other problems.[22]
In the United States, approximately 15% to 25% of women and 5% to 15% of men were sexually abused when they were children.[23][24][25][26][27] Most sexual abuse offenders are acquainted with their victims; approximately 30% are relatives of the child, most often brothers, fathers, mothers, uncles or cousins; around 60% are other acquaintances such as friends of the family, babysitters, or neighbours; strangers are the offenders in approximately 10% of child sexual abuse cases.[23] In over one-third of cases, the perpetrator is also a minor.[28]
In a 1999 news story, BBC reported, "Close-knit family life in India masks an alarming amount of sexual abuse of children and teenage girls by family members, a new report suggests. Delhi organisation RAHI said 76% of respondents to its survey had been abused when they were children - 40% of those by a family member."[29]
Psychological/emotional abuse
Main article: Emotional
abuse
Emotional abuse is defined as the production of psychological and social
deficits in the growth of a child as a result of behavior such as loud yelling,
coarse and rude attitude, inattention, harsh criticism, and denigration of the
child's personality.[6]
Other examples include name-calling, ridicule, degradation, destruction of
personal belongings, torture or killing of a pet, excessive criticism,
inappropriate or excessive demands, withholding communication, and routine
labeling or humiliation.[30]Victims of emotional abuse may react by distancing themselves from the abuser, internalizing the abusive words, or fighting back by insulting the abuser. Emotional abuse can result in abnormal or disrupted attachment development, a tendency for victims to blame themselves (self-blame) for the abuse, learned helplessness, and overly passive behavior.[30]
Neglect
Main article: Child
neglect
Child neglect is the failure of a parent or other person with responsibility
for the child to provide needed food, clothing, shelter, medical care, or
supervision to the degree that the child's health, safety, and well-being are
threatened with harm. Neglect is also a lack of attention from the people
surrounding a child, and the non-provision of the relevant and adequate
necessities for the child's survival, which would be a lacking in attention,
love, and nurture.[31]
Some of the observable signs in a neglected child include: the child is
frequently absent from school, begs or steals food or money, lacks needed
medical and dental care, is consistently dirty, lacks sufficient clothing for
the weather.[32]Neglected children may experie
CHILD DISPLACEMENT
By Helman Augustina Teku/bedcp/101493.,,
Child Displacement is a term that refers to the removal or separation of children from their parents and immediate family or settings in which they have initially been reared. Displaced children includes varying categories of children who experience separation from their families and social settings due to several varied reasons. These populations include children separated from their parents, refugees,[1] children sent to boarding schools,[2] Internally displaced persons or IDPs, and asylum seekers.[1] Thus child displacement refers to a broad range of factors due to which children are removed from their parents and social setting. This include persecution, war, armed conflict and disruption and separation for varied reasons.[1]
According to UNHCR ( United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) as of (2002) there were approximately 22 million displaced children in the world. Several of whom are displaced for a very long time spanning years. Children in worst affected areas in armed conflict or disruption face an average of 6 to 7 years of displacement.[1]
The internationally accepted and acknowledged definition of a "child" is anyone who is under the age of 18 regardless of any context.[1]
The ideal situation of relationship between children and parents is one in which there is everyday interaction between the child and its parents.[8] This includes interaction in various family and social contexts like play, basic care, limit setting, putting to bed etc. Everyday activities promotes and maintains the development of trust and helps to strengthen and deepen parent–child relationships.[8]
Child Displacement is a term that refers to the removal or separation of children from their parents and immediate family or settings in which they have initially been reared. Displaced children includes varying categories of children who experience separation from their families and social settings due to several varied reasons. These populations include children separated from their parents, refugees,[1] children sent to boarding schools,[2] Internally displaced persons or IDPs, and asylum seekers.[1] Thus child displacement refers to a broad range of factors due to which children are removed from their parents and social setting. This include persecution, war, armed conflict and disruption and separation for varied reasons.[1]
According to UNHCR ( United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) as of (2002) there were approximately 22 million displaced children in the world. Several of whom are displaced for a very long time spanning years. Children in worst affected areas in armed conflict or disruption face an average of 6 to 7 years of displacement.[1]
The internationally accepted and acknowledged definition of a "child" is anyone who is under the age of 18 regardless of any context.[1]
Forms of Displacement
- Internal Displacement - involves relocation of children from areas or geographical locations caught in strife during civil war or armed conflicts. Currently there are about 13.5 million internally displaced children around the world.[3]
- Planned Displacement - includes relocation of children away from their parents by Government as per policy e.g.: American Indian Boarding schools, removal from non custodial parent because of divorce proceedings, separation due to boarding school,[2] relocation of children with relatives (kinship care) for economic or social reasons, removal of children from family by law enforcement for judicial reasons. Purposeful displacement includes relocation of children from areas of conflict in order to avoid recruitment into war.[1]
- Displacement in Large scale - involves Refugees, Asylum seekers, and Child Soldiers [1]
Psychological effects of Separation and Disruption in Parent child relationships
Psychologists and social-behavioral scientists agree that children thrive better both psychologically and developmentally in two rather than one parent families.[4] Bowlby (1969) stated that there is a critical period that was sensitive to the development of attachment, during which attachment is easily formed between the child and its parents.[5] Early research on adoptions gives support to this view.[6] Though scholars state that the sensitive period is actually quite extensive.[7] This might imply that children need longer period of interaction with their parents than previously thought.Effects on attachment development
The development of attachment occurs as a result of the process of reciprocal interaction between parent and the child. This reciprocal interaction helps the child to discriminate its parents from others and helps develop emotional relationships with its parents.[8] Infant-parent attachment helps to develop psychological security, self-confidence and enables the development of trust in other Humans.[9][10] The amount of time spend together is not the only factor that influences the development of attachments. Some threshold level of interaction is also needed for attachment to develop. Opportunities for regular interaction is important for the development of attachment.[8] Children in both, single parent and two parent families seem to be better adjusted when they enjoy warm and affirmative interactions with two parents who are actively involved.[11] Empirical literature shows that children need regular interaction with attachment figures in order to maintain relationships.[12] Extended separation of the child from either of the parent is detrimental as it hinders the development of attachment and relationship between the child and the parent.[13] It is because of this reason that it becomes extremely difficult to re-establish relationship between child and parents once it is disrupted.[8] For this reason it is best to avoid such disruptions.[8] A child’s relationship with its parents has significant influence on the nature of social, psychological and emotional development of the child.[14] Empirical research also shows that disruption in relationship between child and its parents has adverse effects on a child’s development.[8] Those children who are hindered from having stable and regular interaction and meaningful relationship with either of the parent are at a higher potential of psychological risk.[8] Thus children are more likely and able to attain their psychological potential when they are able to have healthy and regular relationship with both their parents [8]The ideal situation of relationship between children and parents is one in which there is everyday interaction between the child and its parents.[8] This includes interaction in various family and social contexts like play, basic care, limit setting, putting to bed etc. Everyday activities promotes and maintains the development of trust and helps to strengthen and deepen parent–child relationships.[8]
Divorce and Separation form non custodial parent
In terms of divorce and separation adverse effects have been noted due to severed father-child relationship.[15] Therefore in terms of separation due to divorce it is important to maintain regular interaction between child and both parents. It is therefore unfortunate that in contemporary practice relationship is not fostered between the child and the non custodial parent in divorce proceedings.[16][17] So when it is beneficial, children face potential risk due to removal from or disappearance of their non custodial fathers.[8] This risk is added on with the other baggage of problems that occurs due to divorce including financial burden and less social support.[8] For Children separation from parents is stressful and painful.[8]Long term impact of Separation of child from its parents
The NICHD study of Early child care was designed to assess the long term outcomes of non parental care giving. Non Parental care giving involved both relatives (kinship care) and non relatives (Day care). The NICHD study was based on the ecological theory of Uri Bronfenbrenner (1979).[18] Analysis of the effects of family and child care revealed that the characteristics of the family and the nature and quality of the mothers relationship with the child was a significantly better predictor of children's outcome.[19] Prolonged separations from parents have profound disruptive influence on children's development. Such prolonged separations include separations due to death, institutionalization which entails sending a child to live in an institution or setting without parents, divorce and desertion of the child by parent and hospitalization or prolonged absence due to illness.[19] Prolonged exposure to poor institutional care could lead to despair, apathy and deficit in social responsiveness.[19] According to Rutter (1979).[20] it is the failure to develop secure attachment with parents that leads to problems in social responsiveness.[20] Institutionalization is extreme form of separation of the child from its parents.[19]Emotional Abuse
Considerable negative impact occurs to a child due to neglect.[21] Outright rejection, intimidation, or isolation of the child are forms of emotional child abuse.[21]Sleeper effect
With the view that children develop through adolescence by building on prior periods and that some effects of early experiences during child rearing might manifest later on in what is called as “Sleeper effect”. It may be seen that effects of child rearing may be seen evenMARITAL SEPARATION
By Mwaikenda Rehema,,
The things I'm sharing with you now are what I’ve learned through living it. Which is Will marital separation work is the topic for today. Let’s be completely honest, it’s not about the separation; it's about what you do while you're separated. This is going to be a very tough and emotional drain, probably will be the hardest thing you've ever done in your entire life.
With any luck you will come out of this a better person, hopefully with a marriage that is better than you ever dreamed. I know this seems hard to grasp right now, but it's true. The reason I know this is because I live that life, my wife and I lived apart for a year and a half.she wanted a trial separation, I had no choice but to agree. I will help you get through this tough period of your life, just as I had to. There are some things you need to know, things you must not do.
Remember during marital separation, less is more. Your mind and heart will tell you to do things for your spouse. This is the emotional part of you talking, and it's not correct. The best thing you can do is let them have their separation they so desire. Now don't get me wrong, I'm not recommending separation. Avoid it if you can, but if you're separated, or it is inevitable, give them their space.
When I was first separated, I sent my wife flowers, left her little cards everywhere. When we went to our next counseling session I was shocked. My wife had told the counselor that” I was courting her”. This is exactly what I was doing, but it's not what she wanted, at least at that time. These are very strange and emotional times, expect the unexpected.
It's very important for you to believe what they tell you, it's absolutely how they see it through their eyes. And that their perspective is no less valid than yours. The sooner you understand this, the quicker your relationship can turn around and head in the forward direction. I wish I would've understood this lesson much earlier than I did.
Now, hindsight being 2020, and trust me it is. I would have given her more space in the very beginning. Thank God I never stalked her that would have been a big mistake. I did cook dinner and invite her over to the house more often than I should have. She often told me, that we weren't even separated. You need to give them exactly what they're wanting, and a healthy dose of it. It's the only way they will find out that it's not what they really want.
Marital Separation is it time for you to grow.
In the meantime, you should look for friends, groups or anything else that will keep your time occupied. I started playing the guitar, this is something I always wanted to learn, and I found myself with plenty of extra time. Do things that are solely about you, don't look for things that you think will please them. This is your time and it's important to take care of yourself.
You'll actually become more attractive to them as you live your life. People who are happy are attractive to other people. So don’t feel sorry for yourself. Don't mope and don't worry about whaalso the reason I’m writing this, It's to help you see with my eyes. I know how hard it is to find somebody who's made it through these situations. So trust in what I tell you, give yourself a better chance of making it through your marital separation.
Marital Separation does not mean it's over.
If you run into questions, please don't hesitate to ask me. That's what I'm here for, to help save your family and marriage.
The things I'm sharing with you now are what I’ve learned through living it. Which is Will marital separation work is the topic for today. Let’s be completely honest, it’s not about the separation; it's about what you do while you're separated. This is going to be a very tough and emotional drain, probably will be the hardest thing you've ever done in your entire life.
With any luck you will come out of this a better person, hopefully with a marriage that is better than you ever dreamed. I know this seems hard to grasp right now, but it's true. The reason I know this is because I live that life, my wife and I lived apart for a year and a half.she wanted a trial separation, I had no choice but to agree. I will help you get through this tough period of your life, just as I had to. There are some things you need to know, things you must not do.
Remember during marital separation, less is more. Your mind and heart will tell you to do things for your spouse. This is the emotional part of you talking, and it's not correct. The best thing you can do is let them have their separation they so desire. Now don't get me wrong, I'm not recommending separation. Avoid it if you can, but if you're separated, or it is inevitable, give them their space.
When I was first separated, I sent my wife flowers, left her little cards everywhere. When we went to our next counseling session I was shocked. My wife had told the counselor that” I was courting her”. This is exactly what I was doing, but it's not what she wanted, at least at that time. These are very strange and emotional times, expect the unexpected.
It's very important for you to believe what they tell you, it's absolutely how they see it through their eyes. And that their perspective is no less valid than yours. The sooner you understand this, the quicker your relationship can turn around and head in the forward direction. I wish I would've understood this lesson much earlier than I did.
After I received that news from our counselor, I backed
off. I was told, I was calling too much, I ceased calling
completely. And of course all the flowers and cards stopped also, mainly
because I was angry. And I wasn't going to do that anymore, I'll show her
I thought. Of course this was the wrong attitude, but it's how I felt at
the time.
Now, hindsight being 2020, and trust me it is. I would have given her more space in the very beginning. Thank God I never stalked her that would have been a big mistake. I did cook dinner and invite her over to the house more often than I should have. She often told me, that we weren't even separated. You need to give them exactly what they're wanting, and a healthy dose of it. It's the only way they will find out that it's not what they really want.
Marital Separation is it time for you to grow.
In the meantime, you should look for friends, groups or anything else that will keep your time occupied. I started playing the guitar, this is something I always wanted to learn, and I found myself with plenty of extra time. Do things that are solely about you, don't look for things that you think will please them. This is your time and it's important to take care of yourself.
You'll actually become more attractive to them as you live your life. People who are happy are attractive to other people. So don’t feel sorry for yourself. Don't mope and don't worry about whaalso the reason I’m writing this, It's to help you see with my eyes. I know how hard it is to find somebody who's made it through these situations. So trust in what I tell you, give yourself a better chance of making it through your marital separation.
Marital Separation does not mean it's over.
If you run into questions, please don't hesitate to ask me. That's what I'm here for, to help save your family and marriage.
Sunday, January 27, 2013
POSTED BY; MLELWA PIERY. G
COMMUNITY COUNSELING FOCUS ON THE
SCHOOLS POPULATION
Community counseling focuses on
professional counseling for a particular population, group or unit. Usually,
community counselors work with families, but they can also work with a certain
social group or even an individual. Generally, those who work in this field are
responsible for analyzing and advising client behavior.
Master
of Science in Community Counseling
In a community counseling degree
program, students learn about human behaviors and characteristics as well as
how to categorize behaviors as abnormal or normal. Understanding mental health
issues is the crux of this program. Though this is a specified program in
community counseling, students acquire general counseling skills as well.
However, because the program is specialized, students also learn how to apply
those counseling techniques and practices to a very diverse group of people.
Generally, this program also
prepares students to sit for the National Counselors Examination. The exam is
administered by the Council Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational
Programs (CACREP). Before students can begin a career in counseling they must
past this exam. However, if students want to sit for the Licensed Professional Counselor
of Mental Health (LPCMH) exam, they must specialize in mental health
counseling.
Education
Prerequisites
To enter this degree program,
students are only required to have an undergraduate degree from an accredited
university or college. The undergraduate major does not matter. However, most
programs require the student to have had experience in helping people. This can
include volunteering in shelters or food banks or participating in a mentoring
program. The admissions board requires a statement of why the student wants to
become a professional counselor. A clear explanation of how past experiences
helping people lead to wanting a career in counseling is expected.
Program
Coursework
The programs core courses focus on
theories in counseling, human behavior, research techniques and psychology.
These core courses provide students with a foundation in counseling. Once
students complete the core courses, students can choose a specialization. Core
courses include:
- Counseling theories and techniques
- Principles of community counseling
- Counseling groups and individuals
- Family counseling
- Human development and psychology
- Life and career development counseling
- Cultural diversity and counseling
- Diagnosis and treatment planning
- Interpersonal skills and development
After finishing these core courses,
students usually pick a specialization like mental health, family counseling or
career development counseling. Also, students spend an academic year gaining
field experience. Students gain this experience after they take their core
courses. Successful completion of the field experience is required to graduate
and to sit for either the CACREP or the LPCMH exam.
Popular
Career Options
By design, this degree program is
specialized. It is a counseling program that teaches students about a
particular form of counseling. As a result, students are expected choose from a
few career tracks. These tracks include:
- Mental health/crisis management counselor
- Child and family counselor
- Career development counselor
- Life planning counselor or coach
- Marriage or relationship counselor
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